Leiden Guidelines PDF (English)

The Leiden Guidelines may be downloaded in PDF format here:

Leiden Guidelines on the Use of Digitally Derived Evidence in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

Leiden Guidelines: Disclaimer

The Leiden Guidelines on the Use of Digitally Derived Evidence in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, published in March 2022, is a primer on the interpretation and application of digitally derived evidence before international criminal courts and tribunals (ICCTs).

The Guidelines are derived solely from select ICCT judgments and case documentation (with limited reference to domestic cases) researched through December 2021; they do not purport to establish comprehensive guidance nor current best practices on digitally derived evidence. The Guidelines reflect conservative extrapolations from case law. For the Guidelines' methodology and DDE Database companion resources, see the Introduction at https://leiden-guidelines.com/guidelines/.

The Leiden Guidelines are an academic resource and do not constitute legal advice.